{
  "title": "Hanyu Pinyin finals (韵母表)",
  "count_in_main_table": 35,
  "count_with_special": 37,
  "source_title": "汉语拼音方案 (Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet), 1958, Ministry of Education of the PRC",
  "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/ziliao/A19/195802/t19580201_186000.html",
  "source_pdf": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
  "verified": "2026-10-06",
  "rules": [
    {
      "rule": "The finals of zhi chi shi ri zi ci si are written with i.",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "rule": "Finals in the i-row with no initial are written yi, ya, ye, yao, you, yan, yin, yang, ying, yong.",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "rule": "Finals in the u-row with no initial are written wu, wa, wo, wai, wei, wan, wen, wang, weng.",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "rule": "Finals in the ü-row with no initial are written yu, yue, yuan, yun (dots dropped).",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "rule": "After j, q, x the ü is written u (ju, qu, xu); after n and l it stays ü (nü, lü).",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "rule": "iou, uei, uen after an initial are written iu, ui, un (niu, gui, lun).",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "rule": "Tone marks: ˉ (1st, 阴平) ˊ (2nd, 阳平) ˇ (3rd, 上声) ˋ (4th, 去声), placed on the main vowel; neutral tone is unmarked.",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "rule": "In iu and ui the tone mark goes on the second letter; the dot of i is dropped under a tone mark.",
      "source": "https://pinyin.info/rules/GBT16159-2012.html",
      "source_note": "GB/T 16159-2012 §6.5.1 (transcription; official record: https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=5645BD8DB9D8D73053AD3A2397E15E74)",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "rule": "An apostrophe separates syllables beginning with a, o, e when the boundary could be misread (pi'ao 皮袄).",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    }
  ],
  "notes": [
    "Order and example characters follow section 三 韵母表 of the 1958 scheme (PDF p.297-298). eng and ong have no stand-alone example character in the scheme (it says 亨的韵母 / 轰的韵母).",
    "table_column labels (开口呼 etc.) are the conventional names for the scheme's four columns; the labels themselves are not printed in the scheme.",
    "Chinese primary-school textbooks group some of these differently for teaching (for example teaching zhi, chi, shi, ri, zi, ci, si, yi, wu, yu etc. as 整体认读音节 'whole syllables'). The 2022 curriculum standard requires first-stage pupils to read 整体认读音节 accurately, but the exact list is a textbook convention, not part of the scheme."
  ],
  "finals": [
    {
      "order": 1,
      "final": "i",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧ",
      "example_char": "衣",
      "written_without_initial": "yi",
      "written_after_initial": "i",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 2,
      "final": "u",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨ",
      "example_char": "乌",
      "written_without_initial": "wu",
      "written_after_initial": "u",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 3,
      "final": "ü",
      "zhuyin": "ㄩ",
      "example_char": "迂",
      "written_without_initial": "yu",
      "written_after_initial": "u after j q x (ju 居); stays ü after n l (nü 女, lü 吕)",
      "table_column": "ü- (撮口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 4,
      "final": "a",
      "zhuyin": "ㄚ",
      "example_char": "啊",
      "written_without_initial": "a",
      "written_after_initial": "a",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 5,
      "final": "ia",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧㄚ",
      "example_char": "呀",
      "written_without_initial": "ya",
      "written_after_initial": "ia",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 6,
      "final": "ua",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨㄚ",
      "example_char": "蛙",
      "written_without_initial": "wa",
      "written_after_initial": "ua",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 7,
      "final": "o",
      "zhuyin": "ㄛ",
      "example_char": "喔",
      "written_without_initial": "o",
      "written_after_initial": "o",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 8,
      "final": "uo",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨㄛ",
      "example_char": "窝",
      "written_without_initial": "wo",
      "written_after_initial": "uo",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 9,
      "final": "e",
      "zhuyin": "ㄜ",
      "example_char": "鹅",
      "written_without_initial": "e",
      "written_after_initial": "e",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 10,
      "final": "ie",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧㄝ",
      "example_char": "耶",
      "written_without_initial": "ye",
      "written_after_initial": "ie",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 11,
      "final": "üe",
      "zhuyin": "ㄩㄝ",
      "example_char": "约",
      "written_without_initial": "yue",
      "written_after_initial": "ue after j q x (jue); üe after n l (nüe, lüe)",
      "table_column": "ü- (撮口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 12,
      "final": "ai",
      "zhuyin": "ㄞ",
      "example_char": "哀",
      "written_without_initial": "ai",
      "written_after_initial": "ai",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 13,
      "final": "uai",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨㄞ",
      "example_char": "歪",
      "written_without_initial": "wai",
      "written_after_initial": "uai",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 14,
      "final": "ei",
      "zhuyin": "ㄟ",
      "example_char": "欸",
      "written_without_initial": "ei",
      "written_after_initial": "ei",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 15,
      "final": "uei",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨㄟ",
      "example_char": "威",
      "written_without_initial": "wei",
      "written_after_initial": "ui (e.g. gui 归)",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 16,
      "final": "ao",
      "zhuyin": "ㄠ",
      "example_char": "熬",
      "written_without_initial": "ao",
      "written_after_initial": "ao",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 17,
      "final": "iao",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧㄠ",
      "example_char": "腰",
      "written_without_initial": "yao",
      "written_after_initial": "iao",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 18,
      "final": "ou",
      "zhuyin": "ㄡ",
      "example_char": "欧",
      "written_without_initial": "ou",
      "written_after_initial": "ou",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 19,
      "final": "iou",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧㄡ",
      "example_char": "忧",
      "written_without_initial": "you",
      "written_after_initial": "iu (e.g. niu 牛)",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 20,
      "final": "an",
      "zhuyin": "ㄢ",
      "example_char": "安",
      "written_without_initial": "an",
      "written_after_initial": "an",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 21,
      "final": "ian",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧㄢ",
      "example_char": "烟",
      "written_without_initial": "yan",
      "written_after_initial": "ian",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 22,
      "final": "uan",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨㄢ",
      "example_char": "弯",
      "written_without_initial": "wan",
      "written_after_initial": "uan",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 23,
      "final": "üan",
      "zhuyin": "ㄩㄢ",
      "example_char": "冤",
      "written_without_initial": "yuan",
      "written_after_initial": "uan after j q x (juan)",
      "table_column": "ü- (撮口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 24,
      "final": "en",
      "zhuyin": "ㄣ",
      "example_char": "恩",
      "written_without_initial": "en",
      "written_after_initial": "en",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 25,
      "final": "in",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧㄣ",
      "example_char": "因",
      "written_without_initial": "yin",
      "written_after_initial": "in",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 26,
      "final": "uen",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨㄣ",
      "example_char": "温",
      "written_without_initial": "wen",
      "written_after_initial": "un (e.g. lun 论)",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 27,
      "final": "ün",
      "zhuyin": "ㄩㄣ",
      "example_char": "晕",
      "written_without_initial": "yun",
      "written_after_initial": "un after j q x (jun)",
      "table_column": "ü- (撮口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 28,
      "final": "ang",
      "zhuyin": "ㄤ",
      "example_char": "昂",
      "written_without_initial": "ang",
      "written_after_initial": "ang",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 29,
      "final": "iang",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧㄤ",
      "example_char": "央",
      "written_without_initial": "yang",
      "written_after_initial": "iang",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 30,
      "final": "uang",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨㄤ",
      "example_char": "汪",
      "written_without_initial": "wang",
      "written_after_initial": "uang",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 31,
      "final": "eng",
      "zhuyin": "ㄥ",
      "example_char": "亨的韵母",
      "written_without_initial": null,
      "written_after_initial": "eng",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 32,
      "final": "ing",
      "zhuyin": "ㄧㄥ",
      "example_char": "英",
      "written_without_initial": "ying",
      "written_after_initial": "ing",
      "table_column": "i- (齐齿呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 33,
      "final": "ueng",
      "zhuyin": "ㄨㄥ",
      "example_char": "翁",
      "written_without_initial": "weng",
      "written_after_initial": "ueng",
      "table_column": "u- (合口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 34,
      "final": "ong",
      "zhuyin": "(ㄨㄥ)",
      "example_char": "轰的韵母",
      "written_without_initial": null,
      "written_after_initial": "ong",
      "table_column": "open (开口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 35,
      "final": "iong",
      "zhuyin": "ㄩㄥ",
      "example_char": "雍",
      "written_without_initial": "yong",
      "written_after_initial": "iong",
      "table_column": "ü- (撮口呼)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 36,
      "final": "er",
      "zhuyin": "ㄦ",
      "example_char": "儿",
      "written_without_initial": "er",
      "written_after_initial": "-r when used as a suffix (儿童 ertong, 花儿 huar)",
      "table_column": "special (scheme note 2)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    },
    {
      "order": 37,
      "final": "ê",
      "zhuyin": "ㄝ",
      "example_char": null,
      "written_without_initial": "ê",
      "written_after_initial": "e (inside ie, üe)",
      "table_column": "special (scheme note 3)",
      "source": "http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/03/02/20150302165814246.pdf",
      "verified": "2026-10-06"
    }
  ]
}